Review the scientific classification groups.

Classifying things is natural for us. When given several objects, we automatically begin to look for similarities. There is no "right way" to classify things. There are many ways to define similarities, therefore many ways to classify the same group of objects.

One property of any classification system is that it can be split into smaller groups using greater detail. There is no limit to this grouping. A dictionary, for example, is nothing more than a classification system based on letters. By starting with the first letter of a word, the whole English language is broken into 26 groups. Once the first group is identified, break that group down by moving to the second letter in the word. Continue this until you find the word in question.

Members of the Kingdom Animalia are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms.
Review the kingdoms of living things.

Germ layers: layers of cells that originate in the developing embryo and become specific structures in the animal.

Ectoderm, the outer layer which forms the body covering.
Mesoderm, the middle layer which forms the organs inside the body.
Endoderm, the inner layer which forms the lining inside the body cavity.

Animal body types:

The four body types are defined by the presence or absence of a coelom, or body cavity. The body types below are arranged from least complex to most complex:

Acoelomate with only two germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm.
• Hydra
Acoelomate with three germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
• Flatworms
Pseudocoelomate with a "cavity" forming between the mesoderm and the endoderm.
• Roundworms
Coelomate with a true body cavity forming within the mesoderm.
• Segmented worms, Freshwater Muscles, all Arthropods, and all Chordates

There are about 1.5 million named animal species.

• These are divided into approximately 34 phyla, based on the complexity of their body.
• All 34 phyla contain invertebrates, even the phylum Chordata.
• Most of the animals of Oklahoma are found in the seven phyla below. These are the animals that we will focus on in this class.

Phylum	Subphylum	Class	Animals
1. Cnidaria	X	Hydrozoa	freshwater hydra
2. Platyhelminthes	X	Turbellaria	planarians
	X	Trematoda	flukes
	X	Cestoda	tapeworms
3. Nematoda	X	X	roundworms
4. Mollusca	X	Gastropoda	snails and slugs
	X	Bivalvia	fresh water muscles
5. Annelida	X	Oligochaeta	earthworms
	X	Hirudinea	leeches
6. Arthropoda	Crustacea	X	crayfish, water fleas, and copepods
	Chelicerata	Arachnida	spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites
	Uniramia	Insecta	insects.................key
		Diplopoda	millipedes
		Chilopoda	centipedes
7. Chordata	Vertebrata	Agnatha	lamprey.................key
		Osteichthyes	bony fish......key
		Amphibia	frogs, toads, and salamanders......key
		Reptilia	lizards, turtles, and snakes.......key
		Aves	birds......key
		Mammalia	mammals......key

Amino Acids: the building blocks of proteins.

All living things on Earth are built on, and function because of, 20 amino acids.

In-class Assignment 014a:
This assignment must be turned in by the end of class today to receive credit.
1. What are the seven groups in our current classification system?
2. A species is sometimes divided into an even smaller group. What names are given to this group?
3. What traits place an organism into the animal kingdom?
4. To what insect Order do mosquitos belong?
5. To what amphibian Order do salamanders belong?
6. To what reptile Order do "red-eared pond sliders" belong?

Research Links:

• Plants and Animals - U.C. Berkeley
• Zoology Study Charts - Howe High School

Zoology Class